Vortrag (2000) beim Seminar der
Gesellschaft für kritische Philosophie in Kottenheide
(komplett Deutsch |
complete version English
)
The Hymn to Friendship,
Nietzsche's last major composition (published 1887), was
already created in the years 1872–1875 as a composition for
piano four hands. It was later revised several times, as we
shall see. It likely arose from his friendship with Franz
Overbeck, with whom Nietzsche, as long as they lived
together in Basel in the so-called “Baumannshöhle” (a term
used by Nietzsche and Overbeck for their shared apartment on
the Baumanngasse in Basel), practised piano four
hands.
First, we will hear an excerpt performed by Aribert Reimann
and Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau. This is the original recording
of a concert from 1981, which Fischer-Dieskau kindly sent to
the author at the time.
Bereits als 14-Jähriger notiert Nietzsche 1858:
"Gott hat uns die Musik gegeben, damit wir erstens, durch sie nach oben
geleitet werden. Die Musik vereint alle Eigenschaften in
sich, sie kann erheben, sie kann tändeln, sie kann uns
aufheitern, ja sie vermag mit ihren sanften, wehmütigen
Tönen das roheste Gemüt zu brechen. Aber ihre
Hauptbestimmung ist, daß sie unsre Gedanken auf Höheres
leitet, daß sie uns erhebt, sogar erschüttert. ... Auch
gewährt die Musik eine angenehme Unterhaltung und bewahrt
jeden, der sich dafür interessiert, vor Langeweile. Man
muß alle Menschen, die sie verachten, als geistlose, den
Tieren ähnliche Geschöpfe betrachten. Immer sei diese
herrlichste Gabe Gottes meine Begleiterin auf meinem
Lebenswege und ich kann mich glücklich preisen, sie
liebgewonnen zu haben. Ewig Dank sei Gott von uns
gesungen, der diesen schönen Genuß uns darbietet!"
Man sieht, bereits der Knabe hat ein sehr inniges
Verhältnis zur Musik; bei seiner Abstammung aus einem
evangelischen Pfarrhaus naheliegend(1), interessiert er sich für geistliche
Musik, dabei spielt er recht gut Klavier und komponiert,
neben Oratorien vor allem Lieder, etwa nach Texten von Klaus
Grothe und dem ungarischen Dichter Sándor Petöfi, aber auch
nach Puschkin und Hoffmann von Fallersleben. Das Komponieren
eignet er sich als Autodidakt an, sich dabei auf
Albrechtsberger stützend, der einst der Lehrer Beethovens
war. Gerne widmet er seine Kompositionen Verwandten etwa zu
Festtagen.
In 1858, already at the age of 14, Nietzsche wrote:
"God gave us music so that we, first and foremost,
will be guided upward by it. All qualities are united in
music: it can lift us up, it can be capricious, it can
cheer us up and delight us, nay, with its soft, melancholy
tunes, it can even break the resistance of the toughest
character. Its main purpose, however, is to lead our
thoughts upward, so that it elevates us, even deeply moves
us. ... Music also provides pleasant entertainment and
saves everyone who is interested in it from boredom. All
humans who despise it should be considered mindless,
animal-like creatures. Ever be this most glorious gift of
God my companion on my life's journey, and I can consider
myself fortunate to have come to love it. Let us sing out
in eternal praise to God who is offering us this beautiful
enjoyment."
As one can see, already as a boy, Nietzsche had a close
relationship to music, which is natural due to his coming
from a family of Lutheran pastors (1), and he was interested
in sacred music; he also played the piano very well and
wrote musical compositions, next to oratorios mostly lieder,
such as to texts by Klaus Groth and the Hungarian poet
Sándor Petöfi, but also by Pushkin and Hoffmann von
Fallersleben. He learned composition by means of self-study,
relying in it on Albrechtsberger, Beethoven's teacher. He
liked to dedicate his compositions to relatives on festive
occasions, as, for example, the following lied that he
dedicated to his aunt Rosalie at Naumburg:
[....]
Naturally, Hans von Bülow did not remain unknown to
Nietzsche, owing to his frequenting Wagner's house — and
thus he sent him his "Geburt der Tragödie" (in 1872). After
a visit to Basel — Wagner was already preparing for his
departure to Bayreuth — they saw each other again in
Munich, where Hans von Bülow, on the orders of King Ludwig
II and against Wagner's wishes, conducted Tristan und
Isolde. Thanking him for "the most sublime impression of
art in my life." Nietzsche took this opportunity to
present to Hans von Bülow his Manfred Meditation for
an evaluation. In a written address that was full of
self-irony, he called his music "doubtful", even "awful".
However, this self-qualification did not prevent von Bülow
from rendering an honest opinion. According to von Bülow, he
was faced with "the most extreme in phantastic
extravagance", the "the most unsatisfying and
most anti-musical" in a long time. If the entire
thing was a joke, he asked, a musical parody of the "music
of the future"? Did he, Nietzsche, want to
deliberately mock all rules of tonal harmony, of the higher
syntax as well as of ordinary orthography? His musical fever
product was, in musical terms, the equivalent to a crime in
the moral world, with which the musical muse, Euterpe, was
raped. If he would allow him to give him some good advice,
just in case that he was actually serious with his "abberation
into the area of composition", then he should (stick
to) composing vocal music, since, in it, the word can lead
the way "on the wild sea of tones". In this manner,
his music was even more "awful" as he, himself,
might mean it: namely, harmful to himself in the highest
degree. Nevertheless, in this "musical fever product",
with all its abberations, one could detect a distinguished
mind, and, in a certain sense he, with his staging of the
"Tristan", was indirectly guilty of "having thrown such
an enlightened mind as yours, esteemed Herr Professor,
into such regrettable piano cramps".
In any case, Nietzsche was open enough to communicate the
content of this letter to his friends. His first reaction to
von Bülow's criticism is expressed in a letter to his friend
Gustav Krug who also composed and with whom he exchanged
ideas on the music of the latter and on his own music at
that time and to whom he wrote from Basle on July 24,
1872:(16):
"I for my part have, as far as music is concerned, sworn
off musik-making for six years. I washed up on shore last
winter, namely at the sand banks of the compositions that
are known to you. With this, let it be enough. As my
compositions show, I am really tending towards that
fantastic-ugly, towards the unseemly meandering. And I
expect from you to receive your scorn and wrath. Should
you, however, feel any inclination towards 'Manfred', as
you were so kind to express in your last letter, I warn
you very seriously, dear friend, with respect to my bad
music. Do not allow yourself to have one false drop of
this stream into your musical taste, and not the least
from the barbarizing sphere of my music. I am without
illusions — at least for now. Do not ask anything critical
from me — I do not have good taste and have, with respect
to my musical skills and knowledge, deteriorated very much
and can also, as you have seen, no longer spell
properly. — Now, I am only as much of a
musician as is required for my philosophical work."
And to Erwin Rohde, he wrote: "Bülow's letter is
invaluable to me in its honesty, read it, laugh about me
and believe me that I have become so scared of myself that
I cannot touch a piano ever since"(17).
However, he could not stay away from it entirely, and in
1874, he also sent his Manfred Meditation to Kapellmeister
Friedrich Hegar. The latter wrote in his reply,
"... I had always hoped to be able to personally return
it and to tell you on that occasion how much of it found
my interest, particularly the manner in which you try to
musically express the basic mood. Of course, the whole is,
as far as the execution of musical ideas is concerned,
lacking some architectural prerequisites so that the
composition makes more of an impression of an
improvisation describing a certain mood to me than that of
a thought-through composition.(18)
That NIetzsche's musicality can also be seen from another
perspective, is espressed in Fischer-Dieskau's following
remarks: "..that Nietzsche's musical talent was,
regardless of such opinions, extraordinary and that it was
a distinctive part of his character, and that his
psychological analysis of art must be seen analogous to
his musical insights and to his enjoyment of polyphony,
and that his drive to shed light into the deepest recesses
of the human psyche is the equivalent to the will of a
musician to bring psychological processes to light in a
way that only music can."
Already C.A. Bernoully had explicitly mentioned the
basically lyrical tenor of Nietzsche's philosophical work,
without being able to look at the strongest proof of this,
namely at Nietzsche's lyrical compositions. After some time,
so Janz, Nietzsche returned to the greater musical forms
with his fantasy on "friendship", in which the music turns
as much into pathos as his letters to his friends and that
his fantasies are lacking in form, that they are form-less.
Janz even goes as far as contending that Neitzsche failed in
his "friendship" compositions (Monodie, Manfred, Nachklang,
Hymn) as much as he failed in friendship, and raises the
question as to whether Nietzsche tried, as in sacred music,
to overcome his inability for real friendship via the detour
of aesthetics. Even if, according to Janz, the compositional
phases of Nietzsche are as varied as they are, they still
contain one basic common denominator: Nietzsche had written
all of these for the purpose of giving them away as presents
or for dedicating them to someone and that they, as quite
personal means of expression, are closer related to hsi
letters than to his philosophical work and that they, due to
music's heightened capacity of expression, have quite some
personal significance. Even though there can be observed
stylistic influences such as of Beethoven, Schumann, Chopin,
Liszt, they all share a specific Nietzschean trait of
melancholy and do not show any Wagnerian influence (with the
excrption of the "Nachklang einer Sylvesternacht"). The
demonic emotional power of Wagner remained alien to
Nietzsche the musician; as a musician, he was never a
"Wagnerian". (Quoted in Janz, see 19)
Let us come back to the Hymnus auf die Freundschaft that we
heard in the beginning and that is mentioned for the first
time in Nietzsche's letter to Rohde (20) of May 5, 1873:
Well, let us carry on with our existence and sing the
verse from my hymn to friendship that begins with,
"Freunde, Freude! hattet fest zusammen! — Friends,
friends, stand by each other steadfastly!) The poem has
not grown further, yet, but the hymn, itself, it
completed...I thought that, while I was writing this
letter, some students would come to enroll in my course,
since this was the time for it, yet, woe, woe!
This was the time of Wilamowitz' attack on his Geburt
der Tragödie, which led to the situation that, at first,
Nietzsche's lectures in Basle were avoided — and thus it
does not come as a surprise that Nietzsche holds on to the
ideal of friendship steadfastly, himself. Ross(21) explains
the further fate of the Hymnus: "It is Nietzsche's last
composition, as a present to his friends and as a common
hymn and mentions that eight years later, in 1882, it had
to serve once again, in Lou Salome's poem 'Gebet an das
Leben' — again as a hymn, but that it was not sung or
played in any human union.
Nietzsche had fallen in love — and as we know ever since
Goethe, this is often conducive to creativty,and thus
Nietzsche was enthusiastic about addin his music to Lou
Salomé's "Lebensgebet", in which he, at that time, believed
to recognize his own philosophy. On September 16, 1882, he
wrote to Lou from Leipzig (22): "In the meantime, here,
Professor Riedel, President of the Deutsche Musik-Verein
(German Music Association) has caught fire from my 'heroic
music' (I am referring to your 'Lebens-Gebet') — he really
wants to have it, and it is not impossible that he wants
to arrange it for a wonderful choir (one of the first of
Germany that will be called the "Riedelsche verein".
That would be a small way in which both of us will be
preserved for posterity together — other ways
notwithstanding.(23)(24)
After the Lou episode had come to an end accompanied by
painful misunderstandings, he sent his Hymnus Peter Gast in
1884, with the words,
"This time, 'music' will reach you. I want to have a song
made that could also be performed in public in order to
seduce people to my philsophy." (25)
And in 1887, he wrote to Gast from Nice, (26), after the
Hymnus had been printed by Fritzsch, "I was very
delighted with the score...basically, it is the most
'elegant' score that I have seen, so far, and the fact
that Fritz had actually printed the voices to
it...delights me: it reveals his belief that the hymn can
be performed. Oh, dear old friend, how you have earned my
gratitude for it! My now belonging, to a small extent, to
music and almost to musicians of which this hymn bears
witness is, with respect to a former understanding of the
psychological problem that I am, an invaluable point. The
hymn also shows a passion and seriousness in itself and at
least specifies one main aspect among the affects out of
which my new philosophy has grown. Finally: it is
something for Germans, a little bridge across which
perhaps even this stolid race can arrive at taking an
interest in one of its most peculiar freaks."
He also believed to have rendered with his hymn an example
of the "southern sensuality" of a furute "Zarathustra" music
that he had demanded, the "lightness" and melodiousness of
which he emphasised and particularly found in the
compositions of his friend Peter Gast. Very enlightening
with respect to the effect of the hymn is a report of the
latter to Nietzsche (1887)(27), who played it to two
Italiens without familiarizing them with the text; after
all, in it, Nietzsche meant to have expressed a
"gegenromantische, überchristliche, mittelmeerisch ‚bösere‘
Musik" (counter-romantic, post-Christian, mediterranean,
more 'malicious' music). One of the Italians exclaimed:
"Magnifico! ... Questa è la vera musica ecclesiastica!"
(Magnificent! ... This is true sacred music!" Gast objected
to this 'ecclesiastica' and translated the text for them; to
this, the other Italian mean that he would not have thought
of that — and that he had imagined Mount Calvary with its
seven station of Christ's sufferings!!)
– On December 22, 1887, Nietzsche dared to write the
following to Hans von Bülow, by referring to the latter's
harsh criticism of his Manfred-Mediation (28): "Most
esteemed Sir, there was a time at which you rendered the
most justified verdict with respect to a piece of music of
mine, which is possible in rebus musicis et musicantibus.
And now, in spite of this, I dare to send you something,
once more — a hymn to live of which I wish all the more
that it will stay alive. It should, in some near or
distant future, be sung in my memory, in memory of a
philosopher who had no present and and actually did not
want to have one. Does he deserve this?..
Moreover, it would be possible that I have learned
something as a musician during the last ten years.
In unchanged devotion to you, esteemed Sir, Dr. Fr.
Nietzsche."
Complete correspondence: https://blog.wursten.be/nietzsche-bulow-nietzsche-brieven-1872/
And to Georg Brandes, who acquainted Scandianvians with
Nietzsche's philosophy in his university lectures during
that time he wrote from Turin (29) on May 4, 1888: "The
hymn will commence its journey to Copenhagen one of these
days. For nothing are we philosophers more grateful than
when we are mistaken for artists. By the way, experts
assure me that this hymn can actually be performed and
that it is singable and certain to have an effect ( —
quite simply put: I was most delighted with this praise).
The capable Court Kapellmeister Mottl of Karlsruhe (you
know, the conductor of the Bayreuth Festival performances)
has given me some hope that he will perform it..."
Nietzsche's following last letter to von Bülow(30) also
expresses his wish that the latter should support the music
of P. Gast — and this Octber 10, 1888 letter from Turin is
really already very peculiar: "Esteemed Sir! You did not
reply to my last letter. You shall be rid of me for once
and for all, I promise you that. I think that you might
have an idea that the first mind of this era had requested
something from you. Friedrich Nietzsche."
Several other things could be mentioned:
– For example, Nietzsche's relationship to his "maestro"
Peter Gast (Heinrich Köselitz), who had been his student
once and who was an unsuccessful composer, himself, whose
music Nietzsche — probably not quite unselfishly — praised,
since Gast was indispensable to him as his aide in preparing
his manuscripts for print. However, it should also be noted
that Nietzsche really tried to help his friend in order to
make his music known and to have it performed. (31)
– His often very subjective and polemic invectives,
particularly against the "süßlichen Sachsen" (sweet Saxon)
Schumann(32), although he was also inspired by him — and as
late as in 1865 he wrote to his sister that he considered
the latter's "Faustmusik" as "eine seiner liebsten Sachen"
(one of his favorite pieces)..(33)
(1) Notheworthy is this idea of Bertram: "Nietzsche is
entirely a product of the Lutheran Reformation that took
away from Germans the joy of visual perception they had
during the Middle Ages and that has given them, in turn, a
longing of the ear, an insatiable yearning for music."
Bertram, Nietzsche – Versuch einer Mythologie (1918).
Thomas Mann who was befriended with Bertram said of this
book, as late as 1948 (!): "His book will be
re-printed again and again and always be admired, and that
it can face the light of the day." Mann was not wrong in
this — even to this day.
[...]
(16) Schlechta, FN Werke IV, S. 661
Also in his draft of a reply to von Bülow of October 1872,
Nietzsche shows remorse:
"In this, I now unfortunately realize that the entire thing
including its blend of pathos and maliciousness was
absolutely reflecting a real mood and that I felt a kind of
pleasure in writing it down that I never felt, before.
Therefore, my music is in a sorry state, and my moods are in
an even sorrier state. How does one describe a state in
which lust,contempt, high spirits, and sublimity are
blended? — Here and there, I am prone to venture into this
dangerous, somnambulistic state — ... Of my music I
only know one thing, that I am able to master my moods with
it that, if they were not controlled in this way, it might
perhaps be more dangerous. ... And precisely these desperate
efforts in counterpoint must have confused my feelings to
such a degree that I have become absolutely un-capable of
rational judgment with respect to them... — a highly
regrettable state of affairs, from which you have now saved
me. Receive my gratitude for this!" Schlechta, FN Werke IV,
p. 667 f. Full correspondence: https://blog.wursten.be/nietzsche-bulow-nietzsche-brieven-1872/
(18)
Janz I, S. 580
(19) Janz I, S. 598 ff.
(20) Briefwechsel mit Rohde, S. 407 f.
(21) Ross, S. 219
(22) Schlechta, FN Werke IV, S. 781
Friedrich Nietzsche – Paul Rée – Lou von Salomé, Die
Dokumente ihrer Begegnung, Hg. E. Pfeiffer, Insel
Verlag, Frankfurt/M. 1970, p. 231
From August 7 to 26, 1882, Nietzsche was at Tautenburg with
Lou where they, as far as Nietzsche's health allowed it, met
almost daily and intensively discussed philosophical topics.
Nietzsche received the poem from Lou as a farewell present;
however, it had been written earlier, at her arrival in
Zurich, after Lou had left her Russian homeland. As
Nietzsche wrote to Lou in his letter of September 1st, he
had set immediately set the poem to music at Naumburg, and
of it only the first two verses, whereby he slightly adapted
the metre of the lines with 'female endings' (adding two
syllables) in order to adapt it to his Hymnus an die
Freundschaft. (to make ik sound more solemn, according
to Lou Salome). Below you will find the text of the
Gebet an das Leben by Lou Salomé, that Nietzsche set to
music by using his Hymnus (to the left, the original version
of Lou, next to Nietzsche's altered text), and yet
another version by Lou Salomé (from 1885), in which she
holds on, in the final verse, to her original rhyme words.
She also retains her own second line. And she is right:
Nietzsche’s alternative comes across as rather flat and
crude—“Wirf deinen Inhalt voll hinein.” (DW).
| Lou Andreas-Salome: Lebensgebet ca. 1881 | Fr. Nietzsche Hymnus an das Leben (1882/1887) | Henri Lou (ps.), Im Kampf um Gott 1885 |
|
Gewiß, so liebt ein Freund den
Freund, Ich liebe Dich samt
Deinem Harme; Mit ganzer Kraft umfaß ich Dich! Jahrtausende zu sein! zu denken! |
Gewiß, so liebt ein Freund den
Freund, |
Gewiß, so liebt ein Freund den
Freund,
|
(25)
zitiert nach Bertram, Nietzsche, S. 114
(26) Schlechta, FN Werke IV, S. 858
(27) zitiert nach Bertram, Nietzsche, S.
128
(28) Schlechta, FN Werke IV, S. 857
(29) Schlechta, FN Werke IV, S. 883
(30) Schlechta, FN Werke IV, S. 912
In October 1882 from Leipzig to Overbeck (Schlechta, F. N. Werke IV, Briefe p. 785 f.): "With respect to Köselitz (or rather, Herr Peter Gast), this is my second miracle of the year. While Lou is ready for that part of my philosphy that has not become public knowledge, yet, more than anyone else, Köselitz is the musical justification for my entire new practice and re-birth — to speak quite egotistically here for once: Here, there is a new Mozart — I have no other feelings, anymore: beauty, sincerity, serenity, richness, abundance of inventiveness and the lightness of the mastery of counterpoint — I never found this together to such a degree, I hardly want to listen to any other music, anymore. How poor, how artificially and contrived does the entire Wagner repertoire sound to me now."
"With respect to Schumann, however, who took everything seriously and who was, from the beginning, also taken seriously — he was the last who had founded a 'school': is it, nowadays, not considered a great fortune, a sigh of relief, a liberation, that this very Schumann romanticism has been overcome? Schumann, fleeing into the 'Swiss Saxony' of his soul, half Werther-like, half like Jean Paul, certainly not like Beethoven! certainly not like Byron! — his 'Manfred' music is a mistake and a misunderstanding to the point of injustice — Schumann with his taste, basically a small-minded taste (namely a dangerous, among Germans doubly dangerous inclination towards silent lyricism and drunkenness of feeling) was always hiding away, retreating out of shyness, a noble tenderfoot who wallowed entirely in anonymous bliss and pain, a kind of girl and 'touch-me-not' from the beginning: this Schumann was only a German event in music, not a European event such as Beethoven was or, to an even higher degree, Mozart — in him, German music faced its greatest danger of losing the voice of the soul of Europe and to decline into a merely national music." [Jenseits von Gut und Böse Nr. 245, Fr. Nietzsche, Werke II, Hg. Ivo Frenzel, Hanser Verlag München, p. 134.]
(33) Schlechta, F. N. Werke IV, Briefe S. 547