1610, Claudio Monteverdi published the five vesper psalms (sung at all
Marian feasts), preceded by the standard introitus prayer (verse and
response), followed by a hymn (Ave maris stella), the Ave Maria
(sonata), and concluded with the the Cancticle of Mary (the
Magnificat). Normally, in a worship service of that era, all psalm
prayers are preceded by an antiphon, which is then repeated after the Psalm.
It is likely - but scholars still disagree on this - that the repetition of
the antiphon after the Psalm could be replaced or supplemented by a
'spiritual concerto'. That is what Monteverdi does here. If one wants to
perform it as a whole (whether that is the intention remains fragwürdig),
one should at least sing an antiphon preceding each Psalm. Plenty of choice.
See the old missals/vesperals. You will notice many texts from the Song
of Songs (or variations, elaborations on it ), both in the antiphons
and in the concertos. In the Christian reading of the Bible, Mary is not
only the physical 'mother' of the Lord, but also a symbol for those who
confess her Son as Lord: the church. Also called the bridal congregation.
In this, Christ is then the groom. From ancient times, the Song of
Songs was read in this sense. Interested? I summarised it once in an
essay on the libretti of Bach:
https://bach.wursten.be/cantatas/mystical_Bach.htm
With regard to music compositon, it is
characteristic that Monteverdi builds up, expands, musically unfolds the
vesperpsalms entirely from the Gregorian melodies on which these were
prayed/sung. As cantus firmus, they are always audible. Perhaps to
show the pope, to whom he dedicates this work (application?), how the
requirement of the Counter-Reformation (Council of Trent:
intelligibility) does not prevent grandiose music. In the concertos, of
course, he is free, and we hear the 'new style' in all its virtuoso freedom
to play around and portray the text. Completely original is the echo
concerto: audi coelum. No biblical text this time, but its own poetic
invention, where questions get an answer from 'echo'. Brilliant text (by
anonymus) that, in a dialogue at the same time, teaches us the whole Marian
dogma.
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I DEUS IN ADIUTORIUM –
psalm 69 [70] ℣: Deus in adiutorium meum intende!
℞: Domine ad adiuvandum me festina.
Gloria Patri et Filio et Spiritui Sancto. Sicut erat in
principio et nunc et semper et in saecula saeculorum. Amen.
Alleluia.
II DIXIT DOMINUS – psalm 109
[110]
Dixit Dominus Domino meo: Sede a dextris meis: Donec ponam
inimicos tuos, scabellum pedum tuorum. Virgam virtutis tuae
emittet Dominus ex Sion dominare in medio inimicorum tuorum.
Tecum principium in die virtutis tuae in splendoribus sanctorum,
ex utero ante luciferum genui te. Iuravit Dominus, et non
poenitebit eum: Tu es sacerdos in aeternum secundum ordinem
Melchisedech. Dominus a dextris tuis, confregit in die irae
suae reges. Iudicabit in nationibus, implebit ruinas,
conquassabit capita in terra multorum. De torrente in via bibet:
propterea exaltabit caput. Gloria Patri et Filio et Spiritui
Sancto. Sicut erat in principio et nunc et semper, et in
saecula saeculorum. Amen.
III NIGRA SUM Nigra
sum, sed formosa, filiae Jerusalem. Ideo dilexit me rex et
introduxit me in cubiculum suum et dixit mihi: Surge, amica
mea, et veni. Iam hiems transiit, imber abiit et recessit,
flores apparuerunt in terra nostra. Tempus putationis advenit.
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God come to my aid! Lord,
hasten to help me. Glory to the Father and the Son and the
Holy Spirit. As it was in the beginning, now and ever and in
the ages of ages Amen. Hallelujah.
The Lord spoke to my Lord:
Set thee at my right hand, until I make your enemies a resting
place for thy feet. The sceptre of your power the Lord will
send from Zion To rule in the midst of thy enemies. Thou art
royal in the day that thou showest thy power, glorious in the
midst of thy faithful: From the womb have I begotten thee before
Lucifer/morning star. Sworn hath the Lord and he shall not
repent: Thou art priest for ever According to the order of
Melchisedek. The Lord at thy right hand crushes kings on the
day of his wrath. He will judge among the nations, complete the
downfall, crush heads in the land everywhere. From a brook He
will drink on the way: Therefore He will lift up His head.
Glory to the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, as it was
in the beginning, now and always and in the ages of ages.
Amen.
Dark am I but beautiful, daughters of Jerusalem. That is why
the king has loved me and brought me to his sleeping chamber
and said to me: Arise my beloved and come. Already winter has
passed, the rain is over and gone,
flowers have sprouted on our earth, It is time to prune.
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IV LAUDATE PUERI –
psalm 112 [113] Laudate pueri Dominum, laudate nomen Domini. Sit
nomen Domini benedictum ex hoc nunc et usque in saeculum. A
solis ortu usque ad occasum laudabile nomen Domini. Excelsus
super omnes gentes Dominus et super coelos gloria ejus. Quis
sicut Dominus Deus noster, qui in altis habitat, et humilia
respicit in coelo et in terra? Suscitans a terra inopem, et de
stercore erigens pauperem; Ut collocet eum cum principibus,
cum principibus populi sui. Qui habitare fecit sterilem in domo,
matrem filiorum laetantem. Gloria Patri et Filio et Spiritui
Sancto. Sicut erat in principio et nunc et semper et in
saecula saeculorum. Amen.
V PULCHRA ES Pulchra es,
amica mea, suavis et decora filia Jerusalem. Pulchra es, amica
mea, suavis et decora sicut Jerusalem. terribilis ut castrorum
acies ordinata. Averte oculos tuos a me, quia ipsi me avolare
fecerunt.
VI LAETATUS SUM – psalm 121
[122] Laetatus sum in his, quae dicta sunt mihi: In domum Domini
ibimus. Stantes erant pedes nostri, in atriis tuis Jerusalem.
Jerusalem, quae aedificatur ut civitas: cuius participatio eius
in idipsum. Illuc enim ascenderunt tribus, tribus Domini:
testimonium Israel ad confitendum nomini Domini. Quia illic
sederunt sedes in iudicio, sedes super domum David. Rogate
quae ad pacem sunt Jerusalem: et abundantia in diligentibus te:
Fiat pax in virtute tua: et abundantia in turribus tuis.
Propter fratres meos et proximos meos, Propter domum Domini Dei
nostri, loquebar pacem de te: quaesivi bona tibi. Gloria
Patri et Filio et Spiritui Sancto. Sicut erat in principio et
nunc et semper, et in saecula saeculorum. Amen.
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Praise, servants, the Lord, praise the name of the Lord.
Blessed be the name of the Lord, from now until eternity. From
the rising of the sun to its setting, be the name of the Lord
blessed. Exalted above all nations is the Lord, and above the
heavens His glory. Who is like the Lord our God, who dwells
very high but looks on the lowly in heaven and on earth? Out
of the dust he raises up the needy and from the mire he raises
up the poor To place him with the princes of his people.
Who houses the barren, like a mother, pleased with her sons.
Glory to the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, as it was
in the beginning, now and always and in the ages of ages.
Amen.
Beautiful art thou, my beloved, lovely and
beautiful, daughter of Jerusalem, Beautiful art thou, my love,
lovely and beautiful as Jerusalem, terrifying as an army in
battle order. Turn away thine eyes from me, For they have made
me flee.
I rejoiced because one said to me: To the house
of the Lord we shall go. Already our feet are standing in your
halls, Jerusalem! Jerusalem, built like a city, in which the
community comes together. To it the tribes go up, the tribes
of the Lord a precept for Israel it is to praise the name of
the Lord. For there are the seats of justice, the throne of
the house of David. Ask peace for Jerusalem And abundance for
those who love her Peace be in thy stronghold, and abundance
in thy towers. For the sake of my brothers and my neighbours
For the sake of the house of the Lord our God, I bid you
peace. I have sought the good for you. Glory to the Father and the
Son and the Holy Spirit, as it was in the beginning, now and
always and in the ages of ages. Amen.
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VII DUO SERAPHIM
* Duo
Seraphim clamabant alter ad alterum: Sanctus Dominus Deus
Sabaoth. Plena est omnis terra gloria eius. Tres sunt qui
testimonium dant in coelo: Pater, Verbum et Spiritus Sanctus.
Et hi tres unum sunt. Sanctus Dominus Deus Sabaoth. Plena est
omnis terra gloria eius.
VIII NISI DOMINUS –
psalm 126 [127] Nisi Dominus aedificaverit domum, in vanum
laboraverunt qui aedificant eam. Nisi Dominus custodierit
civitatem, frustra vigilat qui custodit eam. Vanum est vobis
ante lucem surgere: surgite postquam sederitis, qui manducatis
panem doloris. Vanum est vobis
ante lucem surgere: Cum dederit dilectis suis somnum: ecce
hereditas Domini filii: merces, fructus ventris. Hij immers
geeft het zijn beminden in de slaap. Sicut
sagittae in manu potentis, ita filii excussorum. Beatus vir
qui implevit desiderium suum ex ipsis: non confundetur cum
loquetur inimicis suis in porta. Gloria Patri et Filio et
Spiritui Sancto. Sicut erat in principio et nunc et semper, et
in saecula saeculorum. Amen.
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Two seraphim (angels) called out to each other: Holy is the
Lord, God Sabaoth, full is the whole earth of his glory. Three
are there, who bear witness in heaven: the Father, the Word and
the Holy Spirit and these three are one. (= comma Johanneum)
Holy is the Lord, God Sabaoth, full is the whole earth of his
glory.
If the Lord does not build the house, in vain do
the builders labour. If the Lord does not keep the city, in
vain watch its watchmen. Pointless is it if ye rise up before
dawn, Arise, after ye have been seated (=rested). Ye who eat
the bread of sorrows. Pointless is it if ye rise before dawn,
He gives it His beloved to sleep: behold, sons are the Lord's
inheritance: his reward is the fruit of the womb. He gives it
to his lovers in sleep: As arrows in the hand of a mighty one,
so are the sons of the displaced. Blessed is the man, who through
them Has fulfilled his desire. He is not shamed When he
speaks to his enemies in the gate. Glory to the Father and the
Son and the Holy Spirit, as it was in the beginning, now and
always and in the ages of ages. Amen.
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IX AUDI COELUM Audi,
coelum, verba mea, plena desiderio et perfusa gaudio. – audio
Dic, quaeso, mihi: Quae est ista, quae consurgens ut aurora
rutilat, ut benedicam? – dicam Dic nam
ista pulchra ut luna electa ut sol replet laetitia terras,
coelos, maria – Maria Maria virgo illa
dulcis praedicata de propheta Ezechiel porta Orientalis – talis
Illa sacra et felix porta, per quam mors fuit expulsa,
introduxit autem vita – ita Quae semper
tutum est medium inter homines et Deum pro culpis remedium
– medium Omnes hanc ergo sequamur, qua cum
gratia mereamur vitam aeternam. Consequamur – sequamur
Praestet nobis Deus, Pater hoc et Filius et Mater, cuius nomen
invocamus dulce miseris solamen. – Amen
Benedicta es, virgo Maria, in saeculorum saecula.
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Listen, heaven, to my words Full of longing, drenched in joy
- I am listening Tell me, I ask, Who is it that rises there
and shines like the dawn that I may praise her? - I
will tell Tell me, is it she who, beautiful like the moon and
exquisite like the sun, fills with joy the earth, heavens, and seas?
- Mary Mary, that lovely virgin, whom the prophet Ezekiel
announced as the gate of the East? - Thus it is That holy
and blissful gate through which death was driven out and life
brought in? - Yes Who always is a reliable mediator
between people and God, for debts a cure - a Medium Let us
then all follow her (emulate her), through whom we may obtain by grace
eternal life. Let us emulate her. - Let us follow This grant
us God, the Father, the Son, and the Mother Whose lovely
name we invoke as comfort to the miserable . - Amen Praised
be thou, Virgin Mary, throughout the ages of ages.
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X LAUDA JERUSALEM –
psalm 147 Lauda, Jerusalem, Dominum: lauda Deum tuum, Sion.
Quoniam confortavit servas portarum tuarum: benedixit fillis
tuis in te. Qui posuit fines tuos pacem: et adipe frumenti
satiat te. Qui emittit eloquium suum terrae: velociter currit
sermo eius. Qui dat nivem sicut lanam: nebulam sicut cinerem
spargit. Mittit cristallum suam sicut buccellas: ante faciem
frigoris eius quis sustinebit? Emittet verbum suum, et
liquefaciet ea: flabit spiritus eius, et fluent aquae. Qui
annuntiat verbum suum Jacob: iustitias et iudicia sua Israel.
Non fecit taliter omni nationi: et iudicia sua non manifestavit
eis. Gloria Patri et Filio et Spiritui Sancto. Sicut erat
in principio et nunc et semper, et in saecula saeculorum.
Amen.
XI AVE MARIS STELLA Ave maris stella, Dei
mater alma, atque semper Virgo, felix coeli porta. Sumens
illud Ave Gabrielis ore, funda nos in pace, mutans Evae
nomen. Solve vincla reis, profer lumen caecis, mala nostra
pelle, bona cuncta posce. Monstra te esse matrem, sumat per
te precem, qui pro nobis natus tulit esse tuus. Virgo
singularis inter omnes mitis, nos culpis solutos mites fac
et castos. Vitam praesta puram, iter para tutum, ut
videntes Jesum semper collaetemur. Sit laus Deo Patri,
summo Christo decus, Spiritui Sancto tribus honor unus.
Amen.
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Praise, Jerusalem, the Lord Praise thy God, O Zion. For He
has strengthened the bolts Of thy gates, blessed hath He thy
children within thee. He brought peace to your borders and He
satiates you with the fat of wheat. He makes Himself known on
earth, quick runs His word. He makes snow swirl down like
wool, scatters the mist/rime like ashes. He casts his ice
crystal like spheres: Who shall exist in the face of his cold?
He sends forth his word and all melts again; He blows his
breath/wind, and the waters flow again. He makes his word known
to Jacob, His justice and judgements to Israel. This He has
done for no other people nor has He revealed His judgements to
them. Glory to the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit,
as it was in the beginning, now and always and in the ages of
ages. Amen.
Hail, star of the sea, gentle mother of
God, and ever Virgin, blissful gate of heaven. Ye who hear
this 'Ave' from the mouth of Gabriel, establish us in peace
By reversing the name of 'Eva'. Break the shackles of sinners,
give light to the blind, cast out our evils work all goodness.
Show that Thou art a mother; May He through thee accept our
prayers, who was born for us, and hast deigned to be thy
(Son), Virgin without equal, gentle above all , delivered from our debts, make us
gentle and pure. Give, that we may
live pure, prepare for us a safe way, so that seeing Jesus,
may rejoice together always. Praise be to God the Father,
glory to Christ the Most High, and to the Holy Spirit; three
worthy of one honour. Amen.
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XII SONATA à 8 sopra
Sancta Maria ora pro nobis
XIII MAGNIFICAT
Magnificat anima mea Dominum. Et exultavit spiritus meus in Deo
salutari meo. Quia respexit humilitatem ancillae suae: Ecce
enim ex hoc beatam me dicent omnes generationes. Quia fecit mihi
magna qui potens est: et sanctum nomen eius. Et misericordia
eius a progenie in progenies timentibus eum. Fecit potentiam
in brachio suo: dispersit superbos mente cordis sui. Deposuit
potentes de sede, et exaltavit humiles. Esurientes implevit
bonis: et divites dimisit inanes. Suscepit Israel puerum suum
recordatus misericordiae suae. Sicut locutus est ad patres
nostros, Abraham et semini eius in saecula. Gloria Patri et
Filio et Spiritui Sancto. Sicut erat in principio et nunc et
semper et in saecula saeculorum. Amen.
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Holy Mary, pray for us
Great, very great, does my soul
make the Lord. And beyond itself, my spirit was, because of God
who saves me. Because He has seen the humility of His handmaiden
For behold, therefore shall all generations praise me blissfully.
Because great things have been done to me the Mighty One, Whose
name is holy. And his mercy is from generation to generation
with those who fear Him. Great things He did with His arm: He
scattered those who think highly of themselves. Mighty have He
cast down from the throne, and hath exalted the proud. Hungry
hath He overloaded with goods, the rich He has sent away,
destitute. Israel, His servant/son, He has sustained,
remembering His mercy, as He has spoken to our fathers, to
Abraham and his seed/offspring for eternity. Glory to the Father
and the Son and the Holy Spirit. As it was in the beginning,
now and always, and in the ages of ages. Amen.
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